Intelligence is the ability to understand, develop logic, learn, understand and develop knowledge about emotions, ability to reason, ability to plan, ability to think critically, and ability to solve problems. Thus, intelligence is the ability to perceive information and store this information as knowledge and use this knowledge to bring behavior change. 

When living beings exhibit intelligence, it is called natural intelligence, and when machines exhibit intelligence, it is called artificial intelligence.

Introduction

Intelligence is related to the ability to comprehend or to perceive. Thus intelligence is measured in terms of quantifiable or unquantifiable abilities. Intelligence is the ability to reason, do the planning, do abstract thinking, and develop an understanding of the complexity in the idea. Using intelligence, a person can learn quickly, apply what is being learned, and make things better. With the help of human intelligence and experience, humans can work smartly.

To develop a broader and deeper understanding of the complexity of the task, intelligence is used. Understanding of the complex task differs from person to person. Different people adapt differently to the developing environment. Intelligence is used to develop understanding using past experiences and make decisions while doing a task based on a reason.

A person’s intelligence differs, and it varies as the domain varies. A person increases or decreases intelligence depending on the criteria or the environment in which it is applied. Using and applying intelligence is an interrelated phenomenon. Thus intelligence is the ability of a person to do a task with a defined objective to be achieved and deal with the task effectively and efficiently, having rational thinking behind it. Intelligence is also termed goal-directed adaptive behavior.

Intelligence Exhibited By Humans.

Humans acquire knowledge and develop understanding using thoughts, past experiences, and sensing the environment. This is known as Human Cognition, and it is represented as an intellectual function or human intelligence. Thus, human intelligence is the ability to perceive surrounding tasks or environment, develop attention to do a task, develop and form knowledge, use memory to do a task, evaluate and reasoning to do a task, solve a particular problem by making decisions, comprehending and using the grammar of the language to do a task. Thus Intelligence is the ability to develop a new knowledge map with the help of an existing knowledge map. 

Intelligence differs with perspective and context, and domain in which intelligence is applied. Thus, the intelligence required to do a task of linguistics is different from that required to do a computer science task.

Intelligence is used to classify and remember things using descriptive rules and to use these rules to use and change the existing and the future behavior. Intelligence enables humans to learn about a process, develop concepts, understand a procedure, principle, and concepts, and form, develop, and use reasons. With the use of intelligence, a person can recognize a particular pattern, think and form new ideas, make and develop effective planning, and use a particular language to communicate with other persons. Intelligence makes humans perform experiential learning and think logically. 

Intelligence is the ability of a human to do a task using cognitive thinking. To determine the intelligence level of a particular person, Intelligence Quotient is used. Human beings also exhibit emotional intelligence. Using emotional intelligence, the person can understandably convey information and understand the person’s emotion while doing the task. The accuracy level of conducting a task increases with emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is useful in developing skills used in solving a problem. Emotional Intelligence is linked with social intelligence.

Social Intelligence is used to develop an understanding of social cues and do social tasks. Social intelligence is used to understand the social character of the person. 

Intelligence Exhibited By Animals.       

Apart from humans, animals exhibit intelligence—different species of animals exhibit different levels of intelligence. Intelligence exhibited by vertebrates is different from that exhibited by non-vertebrates. 

Animals perceive the environment using eyes, ears, and other related sensory organs. In addition, animals use echolocation, skin receptors, visual acuity, motion sensors, and perceiving ultraviolet light.

Animals can be trained to make a difference between two stimuli. For example, an animal can be trained to distinguish between black and white. Animals can also be trained to make a difference between colors. Thus animals can be trained to behave in a particular manner to experience a particular stimulus.

Experiments studies have revealed that a bird can be trained to act in a particular way on experiencing light or a tone. Animals can be trained to behave using attentional priming. Attentional priming is used to search objects using images. Birds and animals can be trained to select and deselect a particular image. It is also possible to train animals/birds to behave in a particular manner against a set of common characteristics.

Animal/birds can also be trained to learn rules. Rules include learning about the execution order of a particular event and making a difference between bright and dim light. Animals can also be trained for the delayed response. To train for the delayed response, animals are introduced with a different stimulus with a particular time interval. This is done to judge and improve the intelligence of animals.

Animals are also trained to judge the location of objects. Experimental studies have revealed that animals can follow a particular path to get the desired object. The animals are controlled using the odor and color of the object. Animals can also be trained to distinguish between two objects using novel object recognition tests. 

Artificial Intelligence

When machines exhibit intelligence, it is termed artificial intelligence. When the machine is made capable of perceiving the environment and taking actions as per the cues available in the environment, and achieving the desired objective, it is called artificial intelligence.

Thus, the machine’s ability to perceive the external environment and take actions to achieve the desired objective is called artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is used to make machines smart. The machines can be computers, robots, cobots, etc. Artificial Intelligence is used to develop games, is used in medicines, etc.

Artificial intelligence is used to develop machines capable of performing a wide range of tasks that humans do. These machines are made intelligent using past experiences and pre-existing datasets, and machines are also made intelligent by making them able to perceive environments and take actions accordingly. 

Artificial Intelligence is developed using cognitive science, linguistics, psychology, branch of neuroscience, and concepts, procedures, and principles of mathematics.

Artificial Intelligence is used to develop applications that judge user interests and suggest relevant information. These applications can interact with humans and assist them in their tasks, design and develop driverless cars, help humans make decisions, and develop strategic games.

To make machines intelligent, different approaches are used to imitate the brain, simulate the techniques used by brains to solve problems, use logic to make inferences, interpret and deduce knowledge rules from exciting databases, and develop procedures that can reflect human behavior.

The procedure, principles, and algorithms of artificial intelligence are influenced by statistical mathematics and used to design machine learning techniques. Research is being conducted to develop approaches that can imitate the human brain, problem-solving ability in humans, the logic used to deduce inferences, and develop knowledge rules using a prior and existing database. Approaches are also developed to design, develop, and imitate animal behavior.

Artificial Intelligence’s objective is to develop that can reason and represent knowledge. This machine can plan on behave of humans, learn from prior and existing experiences, machines that can understand natural language, machines that can perceive environments, and machines capable of manipulating objects. 

Artificial Intelligence techniques are influenced by the theories and constructs of computer science, principles of Psychology, methods of linguistics, techniques of philosophy, and other relevant fields such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, probability, statistics, and economics.

Artificial Intelligence is used to break a large problem into subproblems. In artificial intelligence, algorithms are developed to the reasoning ability of humans to solve puzzle problems and deduce logical inferences. Algorithms are developed to work with incomplete information or uncertain information using probability and principles, methods, and procedures of economics. The algorithms can handle many combinational solutions, and thus they can deal with the combinational explosion.

Artificial Intelligence algorithms can represent knowledge. These algorithms can find answers to a particular question intelligently and inferences about the surrounding environment. Artificial intelligence algorithms can develop relationships between different concepts, objects, and associated properties. These algorithms are designed to develop smart software agents. The smart agents can work in a domain with target knowledge. Intelligent programs are capable of working with logic.

Artificial Intelligence programs are developed to do content-based indexing, retrieve useful information, interpret this information, develop a decision support system, intelligently search existing and pre-existing large databases and other associated areas. 

The agents developed using artificial intelligence algorithms must deal with uncertainty and assess the environmental conditions. In addition, intelligent agents must interact to achieve the desired objective.

The artificial intelligence algorithm can work with machine learning algorithms that can take actions using prior and existing experiences.  Different learning algorithms include Supervised Learning Algorithm, the Unsupervised Learning Algorithm, and the Semi-Supervised Learning Algorithm.

Supervised learning algorithms take input labels, process them and store the deduced results. This result is then later used to take action. The supervised learning algorithms are further categorized as classification algorithms and regression algorithms. Classification algorithms are used to categorize the input data based on pre-defined rules. The Regression algorithms are used to develop relations between input and output and are used to state the behavior of the output corresponding to a particular input. 

Intelligent machines also use reinforcement learning algorithms. In a reinforcement learning algorithm, the machine is rewarded when it takes good responses, and the machine is punished when it takes a poor response. In addition, intelligent machines using supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised learning algorithms can carry out transfer learning. In transfer learning, the machine learns from the existing problem and uses the obtained results to draw inferences and further use these inferences to solve an existing and new problem.

Machines are developed that can read and able to understand human language. The algorithms that can understand human language and take actions accordingly belong to the domain of Natural Language Processing. The algorithm of natural language processing can read and understand sources transcribed by humans. The algorithms of natural language processing can retrieve desired information, prepare, develop, and understand answers to questions and translate one source of information written in a particular language into another language. 

Intelligent machines are also able to deep structures and infer logic accordingly. This is used to provide common sense to the machine and solve problems.

Machines are developed to perceive input received from sensors such as wired/wireless signals, sonar-based signals, radar signals, signals emitted by tactile sensors. These machines can recognize speech, faces, and objects as humans can recognize.

Robots use the artificial intelligence-based algorithm to locate objects, avert objects, and follow a defined path. Robots can exhibit human intelligence and work in a dynamic environment. Robots are used in the field of medicine to take action and assisting in doctors in operating patients.

Robots can perform primitive operations much like humans and make physical contact with objects. Robots use learning algorithms to make decisions based on past and prior experiences.

Robots are developed to use artificial intelligence algorithms to feel surroundings, understand emotions, learn humans’ moods, and take appropriate actions.

Machines are becoming intelligent can solve problems using the same intelligence level as humans. Different domains of science are being used to develop a machine that can reflect general intelligence. Therefore, it can be said that machines are being developed that can imitate human common sense. 

Conclusion

To differentiate between human intelligence and artificial intelligence, it is required to compare artificial intelligence and human intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence algorithms cannot reflect the same level of common sense as that of human intelligence. Artificial intelligence algorithms can work based on fed data, but if there is a discrepancy in the fed data, it leads to undesired results. A surprising defect in the fed data leads to undesired results, and if the instructions are available to rectify it, it will lead to erroneous results. But in the case of human intelligence, if there are some changes in the situation or circumstance, then humans can take actions based on common sense.

Intelligence is the ability to understand, develop logic, learn, understand and develop knowledge about emotions, ability to reason, ability to plan, ability to think critically, and ability to solve problems. Thus, intelligence is the ability to perceive information and store this information as knowledge and use this knowledge to bring behavior change. 

When living beings exhibit intelligence, it is called natural intelligence, and when machines exhibit intelligence, it is called artificial intelligence.

Robots are developed to use artificial intelligence algorithms to feel surroundings, understand emotions, learn humans’ moods, and take appropriate actions.

Machines are becoming intelligent can solve problems using the same intelligence level as humans. Different domains of science are being used to develop a machine that can reflect general intelligence. Therefore, it can be said that machines are being developed that can imitate human common sense.